Nigute wahitamo imigozi y'insinga?

Ikoranabuhanga ry'Ingiranti | Inganda nshya | 22 Mata 2025

1. Intangiriro

Ibizingo by'insinga ni ibikoresho bizunguruka by'insinga bitanga ingufu, ingufu zo kugenzura cyangwa ibimenyetso byo kugenzura ibikoresho binini bigendanwa. Bikoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho byinshi bigendanwa mu nzego z'ibyambu, ibyambu, imishinga yo kubungabunga amazi n'ibyuma, nka gantry crane, tower crane, portal crane, quay crane, imashini zitwara ibikoresho byinshi (bucket wheel stacker reclaimers), hydropower station dam top gantry cranes n'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, amatara n'amajwi, nibindi.

2. Ifishi y'ibicuruzwa

Dukurikije imiterere y'ingufu, ishobora kugabanywamo: ubwoko bw'intoki, ubwoko bw'ibirenze uburemere, ubwoko bwa elastic, ubwoko bwa moteri ya torque, ubwoko bwa hysteresis, ubwoko bwa transmission ya frequency ihindagurika, ubwoko bwa hydraulic coupling, n'ubwoko bwa magnetic coupling.
Dukurikije ibikoresho bitandukanye bizunguruka, bishobora kugabanywamo: insinga z'amashanyarazi, insinga z'amashanyarazi (uburyo bwo kohereza amakuru ni gaze, amazi), insinga z'amashanyarazi.
Imigozi y'insinga igabanyijemo umurongo umwe w'umurongo n'umurongo munini w'umurongo w'umurongo hakurikijwe imiterere y'insinga.
Ingufu zizunguruka zigabanyijemo ubwoko bubiri bitewe n'aho impeta y'icyuma ihurira: impeta y'imbere n'impeta y'inyuma.

3. Amahame ngenderwaho mu gushushanya

3.1 Ibisobanuro by'insinga n'ubwoko bwazo

1) Umurambararo w'inyuma w'insinga, ugira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku bunini bw'uruziga.
2) Ishusho y'insinga, imeze nk'uruziga cyangwa irambuye. Insinga irambuye ishobora gupfundikirwa gusa mu murongo umwe.
3) Uburemere bw'insinga (kg/m2) n'uburebure bigira ingaruka ku ngufu zisabwa ku ruziga. Uko uburemere n'uburebure by'uruziga ari binini, niko ingufu zisabwa ku ruziga ari nyinshi.
4) Ubwinshi bw'umugozi bugira ingaruka ku bugari bw'umugozi. Iyo umurambararo w'umugozi ari muto ugereranije n'ubugari bw'umugozi bugonda, umugozi urangirika.
5) Umubare w'imirongo y'insinga ugira ingaruka ku mubare w'impeta zishyirwa mu cyuma.
6) Voltage n'amashanyarazi bigira ingaruka ku bushyuhe n'ingano y'impeta yo gukusanya. Ubwoko bwa elastic bushobora gukoreshwa gusa ku bikoresho biri munsi ya 500V.

3.2. Uburebure bw'aho uruziga ruhagarara

Igira ingaruka ku bunini bwa radial n'ingufu zisabwa kuri reel. Uko uburebure burushaho kuba burebure, niko ingufu zisabwa ziba nyinshi.

3.3. Umuvuduko w'impinduka z'ibikoresho

Igira ingaruka ku ngufu za moteri n'igipimo cyo kohereza cy'icyuma gikoresha insinga z'amashanyarazi. Iyo umuvuduko w'ibikoresho urenze metero 60 ku munota, ubwoko bw'igenzura ry'impinduka zihinduka bugomba gutoranywa.

3.4. Uburebure bw'ibikoresho byo gushyiraho

Uko uburebure bwo gushyiraho burushaho kuba bwinshi, niko ingufu zikenerwa cyane.

3.5. Uburyo bwo gufunga

 

Ishusho y'uburyo bwo gufunga

3.6. Ibindi bintu

1) Ibikoresho bya reli: icyuma cya karuboni, icyuma cya 304 kitarabagirana, icyuma cya 316 kitarabagirana.
2) Urwego rw'uburinzi: IP55, IP56, IP65
3) Insinga ziyobora: niba umuyobozi akeneye, niba umuyobozi akeneye uburyo bwo kurinda umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi
4) Insinga ziyobora: niba insinga ziyobora zikenewe
5) Uburyo bwo gutanga amashanyarazi: amashanyarazi yo hagati/aho aturuka, n'ibindi.

 

Ishusho y'aho washyizemo ishusho y'icyitegererezo

4. Uburyo bwo gukoresha insinga zitandukanye

4.1. Agakoresho k'insinga gapima uburemere

Ni igikoresho cya tekiniki gihindura insinga mu buryo bwikora hakoreshejwe ihame ryo kubika ingufu iyo uburemere buzamuwe. Iyo insinga ikuwemo, insinga izunguruka, bityo igatuma insinga ihujwe n'insinga izunguruka, kugira ngo izamure uburemere kandi igumane ingufu zishobora gushoboka. Iyo insinga izunguruka, uburemere buragabanuka kugira ngo irekure ingufu zishobora gushoboka. Mu gihe cy'umuvuduko w'insinga, insinga ihujwe n'insinga izunguruka izunguruka kandi izunguruka insinga mu buryo butaziguye.
Ibyiza: imiterere yoroshye, imikorere ihamye kandi yizewe, gushyiraho no kubungabunga byoroshye, ndetse no kumara igihe kirekire.
Ingaruka mbi: ingano nini, igengwa n'ingendo, niba hakenewe ingendo nini, igomba gusigarana umwanya uhagije wo kuyishyiramo.
Ingano y'ikoreshwa: ibyuma binini bifite insinga nini zirenga 35mm², imodoka zitwara imigozi, imodoka zishongesha ibyuma, imodoka zikoresha ibyuma bicukurwa mu byuma n'ibindi bikoresho. Ibi bikoresho bikwiranye n'insinga zifata impera n'imirongo yo hagati.

4.2. Ingufu zo mu bwoko bwa Spring

Ni igikoresho cya tekiniki gihindura insinga mu buryo bwikora gikoresheje ihame ryo kubika ingufu binyuze mu kurekura impera y'insinga. Iyo insinga ikuwemo, impera irazenguruka kugira ngo ikaze impera y'insinga izunguruka kandi ikomeze ingufu; iyo impera igarutse, impera ihita ihindura insinga.
Ibyiza: imikorere myiza yo guhuza, umuvuduko muto w'insinga, igiciro gito.
Ingaruka mbi: Bitewe n'uko impeshyi ubwayo imara igihe gito, igihe cy'ubu bwoko bw'impeshyi kiba gito kandi kigabanuka bitewe n'uko ihindagurika.
Ingano y'ikoreshwa: Gushyira insinga z'amashanyarazi n'insinga zo kugenzura mu buryo butambitse cyangwa buhagaze munsi ya mm² 35, nko guterura ibikombe byo gukurura amashanyarazi, ibikoresho byo gufata, imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi n'ibindi bikoresho hamwe n'imiterere isa nayo. Ibi bikoresho bibereye aho insinga zihagarara n'aho hagati zihagarara.

4.3. Akazu k'insinga gahuza magnetic

Ikoranabuhanga ry'ingenzi ni ugukoresha uburyo bwo guhuza amashanyarazi ahoraho nk'uburyo bwo gutandukanya amashanyarazi. Uburyo bwo guhuza amashanyarazi ni uko ingufu ziyobora uruziga kugira ngo runyure uruziga mu ruziga ruhoraho rwa magnetique. Uruziga n'uruziga bihora binyerera mu buryo butandukanye kugira ngo umuvuduko wo guhuza amashanyarazi ube umwe n'umuvuduko w'ibikoresho. Mu guhindura torque y'uruziga ruhoraho rwa magnetique, imbaraga z'uruziga zishobora guhindurwa mu rugero runaka. Uburyo bwo kurekura amashanyarazi bunyura mu gikoresho cy'inzira imwe, kandi ingufu ntizishobora koherezwa kuri connector no kuri ruziga. Mu gihe cy'imbaraga z'uruziga, uruziga rutsinda hysteresis y'igikoresho cyo kurekura amashanyarazi ahoraho kandi rukarekura amashanyarazi mu buryo buhuye.
Ibyiza: ikoranabuhanga rigezweho n'imikorere ihendutse. Imikorere yo guhuza icyuma n'ibikoresho bigendanwa irahamye kandi yizewe. Ikoranabuhanga rihoraho rya rukuruzi rikoreshwa mu cyiciro cya nyuma cya sisitemu yo kohereza ubutumwa, rifite umuvuduko muto kandi nta bushyuhe; iyo insinga ifunguwe ikarekurwa, umuvuduko w'insinga ushobora guhindurwa kugira ngo urinde insinga.
Ingaruka mbi: urusaku rwinshi.
Ingano y'ikoreshwa: insinga zifite ibisobanuro biri munsi ya mm² 35, nk'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, amatororo, cranes z'iminara, cranes z'ikiraro cyangwa gantry, stackers na reclaimers n'ibindi bikoresho hamwe n'imiterere isa nayo y'akazi. Bikwiriye ku mpera z'insinga n'aho hagati.

4.4. Ingufu zihuza neza na magnetique

Ihame ry'iyi nsinga y'insinga ni kimwe n'ibyavuzwe haruguru. Moteri ya disiki cyangwa moteri ya feri ishobora gutoranywa hakurikijwe ibyo umukoresha akeneye. Uburyo bwo kugenzura amashanyarazi bw'iyi nsinga ni uko moteri izunguza insinga ikora kandi moteri irekura insinga igahita izima.
Ibyiza: imiterere mito, ingano nto, uburemere buke, gushyiraho byoroshye.
Ingaruka mbi: urusaku rwinshi.

4.5. Ingufu z'amashanyarazi zikoreshwa igihe kirekire mu guhagarara

Ikoresha moteri ifite imbaraga zihoraho kandi zigenga umuvuduko nk'imbaraga. Umuvuduko w'umuvuduko wa moteri ugabanuka mu buryo bwikora iyo umutwaro wo hanze wiyongere, kandi umuvuduko w'insinga y'uruziga uhinduka mu buryo bwikora kugira ngo ube nk'umuvuduko w'ingendo z'ibikoresho; iyo urekuye insinga, bitewe n'imbaraga z'insinga, imbaraga za moteri y'uruziga zirarekurwa kugira ngo insinga zirekurwe mu buryo buhuye; iyo uhagaritse imodoka no kuzimya umuriro, feri ya disiki ya moteri y'inziga ikoreshwa mu gufunga insinga kugira ngo insinga idacika.
Ibyiza: Moteri ihora ikoresha umuriro, uburyo bwo kugenzura amashanyarazi bworoshye, igipimo cyo gutsindwa gishobora kugabanuka, urwego rwo kuzingira insinga ni runini, kandi urugendo ni rurerure.
Ingaruka mbi: Mu kurekura insinga, ni ngombwa gutsinda imbaraga za moteri, kandi insinga nto zigomba gukoreshwa witonze.
Ingano y'ikoreshwa: insinga nini nka stackers, abakozi bo mu kiraro cyangwa gantry cranes, n'ibikoresho bigendanwa binyura kure. Ibi bikoresho bibereye aho insinga zihagarara n'aho hagati.

4.6. Ingufu zo kuzunguruka za Hysteresis

Disiki ikozwe mu cyuma gihoraho cya rukuruzi ikora imbaraga za rukuruzi zifite inkingi nyinshi. Hariho disiki ikomeye yo kwimura imbere ya disiki. Iyo moteri iyoboye disiki yo kwimura kugira ngo izunguruke ku muvuduko mwinshi, disiki ya rukuruzi itwarwa kugira ngo izunguruke binyuze mu guhuza imbaraga za rukuruzi. Iyo disiki zombi zifite umuvuduko, disiki ya rukuruzi ifite inkingi nyinshi izakoresha ingufu za rukuruzi ku rundi ruhande, bityo igakora imbaraga za rukuruzi (ni ukuvuga "guhuza ingufu za rukuruzi") zirwanya uku kunyerera hanyuma zigatwara (cyangwa feri) disiki ya rukuruzi kugira ngo izunguruke. Ingufu zitwarwa na moteri kugira ngo zohereze ingufu kuri hysteresis coupling, kandi nyuma yo kugabanuka, imbaraga za rukuruzi zoherezwa kuri uruziga rw'insinga. Iyo uruziga rw'insinga rukora, moteri ihora izenguruka mu cyerekezo cyo guhuza insinga. Iyo ibikoresho byo guterura biva ku isoko ry'amashanyarazi, insinga ikurura uruziga kugira ngo rusubire inyuma, bigatuma uruziga zombi zinyerera hanyuma zirekura insinga iri kuri ruziga. Imbaraga za rukuruzi zo guhuza imbaraga za rukuruzi zizahora zemeza ko insinga iri mu mimerere yo guhagarara mu gihe cyo kurekura insinga. Iyo ibikoresho byo guterura bigarutse, umuvuduko w'insinga ku ruziga urashira, maze uruziga ruzunguruka mu cyerekezo cyo kuzunguruka kugira ngo rwuzuze imiterere yo kuzunguruka kw'insinga.
Ibyiza byayo ni imiterere mito, koroshye kuyishyiraho no kuyibungabunga, ingufu zisohoka zishobora guhinduka bitewe n'imiterere y'akazi, imikorere myiza yo kwiyima feri, nta mpamvu yo gushyiraho feri, ndetse n'imikorere yizewe y'ingoma y'insinga. Sisitemu yayo yo kugenzura iroroshye kandi ishobora guhuzwa na sisitemu yo kugenzura imbere n'inyuma y'ibikoresho. Igihe cyose ibikoresho bigikora, moteri y'ingoma izakora kandi urukurikirane rw'ibyiciro ntiruzahinduka. Mu gihe cy'imikorere y'ingoma y'insinga, guhuza hysteresis bishobora guhindura umuvuduko bitewe n'umuvuduko w'ibikoresho byo kwakira, kugira ngo umuvuduko w'ingoma y'insinga kugira ngo igarure kandi irekure insinga uhuzwe n'umuvuduko w'ibikoresho byo kwakira.
Ingorane yayo ni uko mu gihe cy’ubushobozi bunini bw’insinga n’uburebure bwinshi bw’icyuma gishyiraho, kugira ngo ugabanye izamuka ry’ubushyuhe bwa rotor no kongera igihe cyo kuyikoresha, ni ngombwa gukoresha igitekerezo cy’imiterere ya torque ntoya ifite imitwe myinshi, ihenze cyane.
Ikwiriye imashini zigendanwa ziremereye n'ibikoresho nka cranes za port gantry, cranes za container, ship loaders, cranes za tower, nibindi. Ibi bikoresho bikwiriye aho insinga zihagarara n'aho hagati.

4.7. Ingufu zihindagurika zo kuzunguruka

Moteri ihindura ingano ni imiterere y’ishyirwaho rya B5, ihujwe neza n’inyongera y’imashini igabanya umuriro. Impande imwe y’umugozi ugabanya umuriro ihuzwa n’icyuma gifunga umugozi binyuze mu guhuza urufunguzo, naho impera ihuzwa n’impeta y’amashanyarazi iri mu gasanduku gakusanya umuriro. Agasanduku gatanga umuriro n’agasanduku gatanga umuriro bishyizwe hejuru y’ishingiro. Akabati gashinzwe kugenzura inverter ntigakoresha icyuma gifunga umugozi, kandi aho gakwiye gushyirwa hashobora gutoranywa hakurikijwe uko ibintu bimeze. Munsi ya vector ifunganye (ifite vector igenzura umuvuduko), inverter ihitamo uburyo bwo kugenzura torque ifunguye, kandi ikabara umurambararo nyawo w’icyuma gifunga umugozi binyuze mu guhuza ubugari kugira ngo igenzure neza torque isohoka ya moteri, bityo ikareba ko insinga itazagira impinduka mu muvuduko bitewe n’impinduka mu muvuduko w’icyuma iyo ipfundikiwe ku cyuma, ni ukuvuga ko umuvuduko w’icyuma uhoraho. Icyuma gitanga umuriro gifite ibyiza bikurikira:
(1) Mu gihe cyo gufunga no gusohora insinga, aho ibikoresho biri hose ku muhanda, imbaraga zikora kuri yo zihora zihoraho, kandi imbaraga ziyongera ku nsinga zishobora guhindurwa uko zishakiye binyuze mu kwinjira kwa parameter ya inverter n'imikorere y'agasanduku k'ubuyobozi, ibyo birushaho kurinda insinga no kongera igihe cy'ubuzima bw'insinga.

(2) Ireli ishobora gusubiza vuba impinduka mu muvuduko w'imikorere y'ibikoresho kandi ishobora guhuzwa n'ibikoresho. Imikorere yabyo ni myiza kandi yumvikana.
(3) Ica mu mugozi w’imiterere gakondo y’insinga nk’ubwoko bwa hysteresis na moteri ya torque. Ntabwo igengwa n’imiterere idasanzwe y’imiterere y’insinga, uburebure bwo kuzingira, umuvuduko w’ibikoresho n’uburebure bwo kuyishyiraho. Insinga y’insinga y’imiterere iyo ari yo yose ikora iyobowe na moteri ifite imbaraga zitandukanye.
(4) Ifite ubushobozi bwo kwihutisha ibintu kandi ishobora gukora buri gihe munsi y'umutwaro mwinshi umunsi wose.
(5) Ireli n'ibikoresho bifatanye kugira ngo birinde imikorere, ibyo bikaba birinda impanuka nko gucika kw'insinga.
(6) Moteri y'uruziga igenzurwa neza kandi irinzwe na frequencing, ishobora kongera igihe cyo kuyikoresha.
(7) Ingufu z'umugozi zigenzura frequency zihinduka moteri zishobora guhindura mu buryo bwikora frequency zikoreshwa na moteri y'umugozi zihinduka bitewe n'umuvuduko w'ibikoresho byakira (trolley), kandi zigakora neza ku muvuduko uwo ari wo wose kuva kuri 0 kugeza kuri n (n ni umuvuduko uhoraho). Iyo ibikoresho byakira umuriro bizimye, feri ya moteri y'umugozi ihinduka kugira ngo insinga idacika.
Ibyiza: ishobora kugenzura neza imbaraga, ikarinda neza insinga, kandi ikongera igihe cyo kumara insinga.
Ingaruka mbi: igiciro ni cyo gihenze cyane mu bicuruzwa bisa
Ingano y'ikoreshwa: cranes zo mu bwoko bwa port gantry, cranes zo mu bwoko bwa container, shipwore ship, cranes zo mu munara n'izindi mashini n'ibikoresho biremereye bigendanwa.